Ans: Heredity refers to the passing of genetic information (traits or characteristics) from one generation to the next. It plays a fundamental role in determining the traits and characteristics of offspring. Heredity is governed by the transmission of genetic material, primarily DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), from parents to their offspring.
Here’s how heredity influences traits in offspring:
Inheritance of Genes: Genes are specific segments of DNA that code for particular traits or characteristics. Offspring inherit half of their genetic material from each parent. This means that they inherit a combination of genes from both their mother and father.
Alleles: Genes can have different variants called alleles. Alleles can be dominant (expressed when present) or recessive (only expressed when both alleles are recessive). The combination of alleles an individual inherits determines their genotype, which in turn affects their phenotype or observable traits.
Genetic Variation: Heredity introduces genetic variation in populations. Because offspring inherit a mix of genes from their parents, they may exhibit a range of traits even within the same family. This genetic diversity is essential for adaptation and evolution.
Environmental Factors: It’s essential to note that while genes provide the blueprint for traits, environmental factors also play a role in determining how traits are expressed. For example, a person’s height may be influenced by their genetic predisposition, but nutrition and other environmental factors can also have a significant impact on their final height.
Mutations: Occasionally, mutations can occur in genes, leading to variations in traits. Mutations can be inherited and contribute to hereditary diversity. Some mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or have no noticeable effect on an individual’s traits.